Abstract:As the subject of pre-training data of generative AI products,source screening and control of optimized training data and algorithm design,generative AI service providers should bear corresponding responsibilities when the generated content infringes.Currently,the“Measures”have stipulated the principal responsibility of generative AI service providers.Still,there are problems such as unclear connotation of service providers and unclear rules for the identification of tort liability,resulting in different rights and responsibilities of generative AI service providers,which is not conducive to the deepening development of generative AI.Given this,it is necessary to clarify the specific connotation of generative AI service providers,make them different from other liability subjects,and clarify their legal status of infringement liability.In the determination of the path of tort liability,It's reliable to optimize and expand the principle of attribution of infringement of generative AI service providers,the determination of fault,the determination of causality,and exemptions from liability to achieve the effect of delineating the boundaries of the tort liability of generative AI service providers.
[1]新华网.这一年,我们力促人工智能行稳致远[EB/OL].(2023-12-26)[2023-07-01].http://www.xinhuanet.com/tech/20231226/e5427a3b325e4362aac168173ae18a0c/c.html. [2]Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2019[EB/OL].(2023-04-06)[2023-07-01].https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2231. [3]谭佐财.ChatGPT的法律风险与治理路径[J].湖南科技大学学报(社会科学版),2023(3):117-125. [4]新华社.中共中央、国务院关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见[EB/OL].(2022-12-19)[2023-07-01].https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2022-12/19/content_5732695.htm. [5]商希雪.政府数据开放中数据收益权制度的构建[J].华东政法大学学报,2021(4):59-72. [6]张素华,王年.公共数据国家所有权的法理基础及实现路径[J].甘肃社会科学,2023(4):146-158. [7]陈亮,张光君.人工智能时代的法律变革[M].北京:法律出版社,2020. [8]南方都市报.ChatGPT瞎编判例,美国一资深律师未核实引用,或被罚[EB/OL].(2023-06-02)[2023-07-01].http://field.10jqka.com.cn/20230602/c647759679.shtml. [9]韩联社.首起ChatGPT芯片机密泄漏!三星成受害者[EB/OL].(2023-03-30)[2023-07-12].https://economist.co.kr/article/view/ecn202303300057. [10]毕文轩.生成式人工智能的风险规制困境及其化解:以ChatGPT的规制为视角[J].比较法研究,2023(3):155-172. [11]邵仁荣,刘宇昂,张伟,等.深度学习中知识蒸馏研究综述[J].计算机学报,2022(8):1638-1673. [12]张夏恒.ChatGPT的逻辑解构、影响研判及政策建议[J].新疆师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2023(5):113-123. [13]任安麒.网络服务平台算法推荐的著作权侵权认定规则[J].北京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版),2023(3):190-198. [14]赵宏.公共决策适用算法技术的规范分析与实体边界[J].比较法研究,2023(2):1-16. [15]WANG F,YANG J,WANG X,et al.Chat with ChatGPT on Industry 5.0:learning and decision-making for intelligence industries[J].IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica,2023(4):831-934. [16]袁文全.算法歧视的侵权责任治理[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),2023(2):89-98. [17]MIAO Q,ZHENG W,LV Y,et al.DAO to HANOI via DeSci:AI paradigm shifts from AlphaGo to ChatGPT[J].IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica,2023(4):877-897. [18]张建华.信息网络传播权条例释义[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2006. [19]胡凌.平台视角中的人工智能法律责任[J].交大法学,2019(3):5-19. [20]澎湃政务.〔法脉准绳〕“我们没有侵权!我们只是网络服务提供者”[EB/OL].(2020-09-10)[2023-07-12].https://m.thepaper.cn/baijiahao_9140200. [21]北大法宝.广州互联网法院发布网络著作权纠纷十大典型案例之二:王某诉某边防检查站著作权侵权纠纷案——灵活适用侵权责任承担方式实现各方利益平衡[EB/OL].(2020-04-25)[2023-08-02].https://www.pkulaw.com/pfnl/c05aeed-05a57db0a214b0b7c8862e4ff927e36d040573c05bdfb.html. [22]薛军.《电子商务法》平台责任的内涵及其适用模式[J].法律科学,2023(1):57-68. [23]张凌寒.生成式人工智能的法律定位与分层治理[J].现代法学,2023(4):126-140. [24]袁曾.生成式人工智能的责任能力研究[J].东方法学,2023(3):18-33. [25]程乐.生成式人工智能的法律规制[J].政法论丛,2023(4):69-80. [26]薛军.民法典网络侵权条款研究:以法解释论框架的重构为中心[J].比较法研究,2020(4):131-144. [27]腾讯网.全球首例,ChatGPT或成诽谤案被告/科技趣评[EB/OL].(2023-04-08)[2023-08-02].https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20230408A020YD00. [28]澎湃新闻.人类开始“欺负”ChatGPT:用死亡威胁使其回答违禁问题[EB/OL].(2023-02-07)[2023-08-02].https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1757148822155117011&wfr=spider&for=pc. [29]周学峰.生成式人工智能侵权责任探析[J].比较法研究,2023(4):117-131. [30]孙祁.规范生成式人工智能产品提供者的法律责任问题研究[J].政治与法律,2023(7):126-172. [31]童之伟.“法无授权不可为”的宪法学展开[J].中外法学,2018(3):570-587. [32]康德.法的形而上学的原理——权利的科学[M].沈叔平,译,北京:商务印书馆,1991. [33]CHRIS S,RICHARD V.What ChatGPT and Generative AI mean for science[J].Nature,2023(2):214-216. [34]陈兵.生成式人工智能可信发展的法治基础[J].上海政法学院学报(法治论丛),2023(4):13-27. [35]刘艳红.人工智能的可解释性与AI的法律责任问题研究[J].法制与社会发展,2022(1):78-91. [36]刘艳红.生成式人工智能的三大安全风险及法律规制[J].东方法学,2023(4):29-42. [37]JOSHUA F,NILOUFER S.Governing the interface between natural and formal language in smart contracts[J].UCLA Journal of Law & Technology,2022(2):79. [38]赵精武.“元宇宙”安全风险的法律规制路径:从假想式规制到过程风险预防[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2022(5):103-115. [39]POLAT C.A critical appraisal of the proposal for an AI liability directive:is it fit for its own purpose? is the EU's AI liability directive really promoting the rollout of trustworthy AI? this paper provides insights into the proposal's limitations[J].Zeitschrift für das Privatrecht der Europischen Union,2023(3):114-121. [40]徐伟.论生成式人工智能服务提供者的法律地位及其责任——以ChatGPT为例[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2023(4):69-80. [41]黄薇.中华人民共和国民法典侵权责任编解读[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2020. [42]周学峰.生成式人工智能侵权责任探析[J].比较法研究,2023(4):117-131. [43]PETER L.Learning from Tay's Introduction[EB/OL].(2016-03-25)[2023-08-20].https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2016/03/25/learning-tays-introduction. [44]徐伟.生成式人工智能侵权中因果关系认定的迷思与出路[J].数字法治,2023(3):129-143. [45]王利明.民法学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2019. [46]李亮.违约损害可预见性规则的历史嬗变——英国法和德国法比较考察[J].中德法学论坛,2020(1):118-135. [47]胡元聪.人工智能产品发展风险抗辩制度的理论冲突与平衡协调[J].中南大学学报(社会科学版),2020(6):75-89.